What Is Focus Four Hazards
Focus Four Hazards are the four leading causes of construction worker fatalities, as identified by OSHA: falls, struck-by incidents, caught-in/between hazards, and electrocution. These account for approximately 35 to 40 percent of all construction deaths annually, making them the primary targets of workplace safety campaigns and regulatory enforcement.
The Four Hazards Breakdown
- Falls: The leading cause of construction fatalities, responsible for roughly 35 percent of deaths. Falls from heights above 6 feet, unprotected edges, and improper ladder use are the primary culprits. OSHA requires fall protection systems for any work at heights of 6 feet or more.
- Struck-by incidents: Account for about 10 percent of construction deaths. These involve workers being hit by moving objects, vehicles, or equipment. Common scenarios include falling objects from scaffolding, equipment strikes, and vehicle backover incidents on jobsites.
- Caught-in/between hazards: Occur when workers are crushed, caught, or compressed between objects or equipment. Trenches, excavators, and rotating machinery create high-risk situations. Trenches deeper than 5 feet require protective systems under OSHA 1926.652.
- Electrocution: Causes roughly 4 to 5 percent of construction deaths. Contact with overhead power lines, damaged cords, wet conditions, and improper grounding are primary risk factors. Work within 10 feet of power lines requires qualified personnel and documented safety protocols.
Application in Safety Audits and Emergency Preparedness
Safety managers use Focus Four Hazards as a framework during site audits and safety planning. During a routine inspection, an auditor will verify that adequate fall protection is in place, that equipment operators are trained and certified, that trenching permits are obtained, and that electrical safety protocols comply with OSHA standards. For homeowners, this translates to securing ladders, ensuring proper grounding on extension cords, and keeping children away from excavation work.
Common Questions
- Does Focus Four apply to non-construction work? While the term originates from construction, the hazards themselves appear across manufacturing, utilities, and even residential settings. Any environment with heights, moving equipment, confined spaces, or electrical systems should address these risks.
- What documentation is required after a Focus Four incident? OSHA requires incident investigation reports, medical records, corrective action plans, and documented retraining. These become part of your OSHA 300 log if the incident results in lost worktime or medical treatment.
- How frequently should Focus Four training occur? Initial training is mandatory during onboarding. Refresher training should occur annually or whenever new equipment, processes, or personnel are introduced to the site.
Related Concepts
Fall Protection and Electrical Safety are critical components of a comprehensive Focus Four hazard management program.